Tulu Lesson 15: Negative and Interrogative in Present Perfect Tense

Hello All! Welcome back!

How was the last lesson? I hope you had no problem with that. Please comment, if you need any help. Today we are going to learn negative and interrogative form of sentences in Present Perfect Tense.

You already know to make verb stems in Present Perfect Tense. If not, please read the lesson 14 again. To make it negative just change the personal endings.

Personal endings for negative form of sentences in Present Perfect Tense are same as Simple Past.

		Singular			Plural
		Pronoun	Ending	Example: pO	Pronoun	Ending	Example: pO
First Person		yAn	ijae	pOtijae	nama/enkulu	ija	pOtija
Second Person		I	ija	pOtija	nikulu/Ir	ijar	pOtijar
Third Person	Masc.	Aye/imbe	ije	pOtije	akulu/Ar/mokulu/mEr	ijer	pOtijer
	Fem.	Al/mOlu	ijal	pOtijal
	Neut.	au/undu	iji	pOtiji	aikulu/undekulu	ija	pOtija

Note: You may see some people use ‘iji’ ending for first person singular, ‘yAn pOtiji’ instead of ‘yAn pOtijae’ though grammatically it is wrong.

Let us see some examples:

malpu (malpuni) – To do/make

Present Perfect verb stem + personal ending

 malt’d + ijae >>> malt’dijae – I have not done (Kannada: nAnu mADilla)

yAn malt’dijae – I have not done

I malt’dija – You have not done

Aye/imbe malt’dije – He has not done

Al/mOlu malt’dijal – She has not done

au/undu malt’diji – It has not done

nama/enkulu malt’dija – We have not done

Ir/nikulu malt’dijar – You have not done

akulu/mokulu/Ar/mEr malt’dijer – They have not done

undekulu/aikulu malt’dija – They have not done

kalpu (kalpuni) – To learn

kalt’d + ijae >>> kalt’dijae – I have not leaned (Kannada: nAnu kalitilla)

yAn kalt’dijae – I have not learned

I kalt’dija – You have not learned

Aye/imbe kalt’dije – He has not learned

Al/mOlu kalt’dijal – She has not learned

au/undu kalt’diji – It has not learned

nama/enkulu kalt’dija – We have not learned

Ir/nikulu kalt’dijar – You have not learned

akulu/mokulu/Ar/mEr kalt’dijer – They have not learned

undekulu/aikulu kalt’dija – They have not learned

kEN (kENuni) -  To hear/ask

kEND’d >>> kEnd

kEnd + ijae >>> kEndijae – I have not heard/asked (Kannada: nAnu kELilla)

yAn kEndijae – I have not asked/heard

I kEndija – You have not asked/heard

Aye/imbe kEndije – He has not asked/heard

Al/mOlu kEndijal – She has not asked/heard

au/undu kEndiji – It has not asked/heard

nama/enkulu kEndija – We have not asked/heard

Ir/nikulu kEndijar – You have not asked/heard

akulu/mokulu/Ar/mEr kEndijer – They have not asked/heard

undekulu/aikulu kEndija – They have not asked/heard

tiN (tiNpini) – To eat

tiND’d >>> tind

tind + ijae >>> tintijae – I have not eaten (Kannada: nAnu tindilla)

yAn tintijae – I have not eaten

I tintija – You have not eaten

Aye/imbe tintije – He has not eaten

Al/mOlu tintijal – She has not eaten

au/undu tintiji – It has not eaten

nama/enkulu tintija – We have not eaten

Ir/nikulu tintijar – You have not eaten

akulu/mokulu/Ar/mEr tintijer – They have not eaten

undekulu/aikulu tintija – They have not eaten

bUr (bUruni)  – To fall

bUrd + ijae >>> bUrdijae – I have not fallen (Kannada: nAnu biddilla)

yAn bUrdijae – I have not fallen

I bUrdija – You have not fallen

Aye/imbe bUrdije – He has not fallen

Al/mOlu bUrdijal – She has not fallen

au/undu bUrdiji – It has not fallen

nama/enkulu bUrdija – We have not fallen

Ir/nikulu bUrdijar – You have not fallen

akulu/mokulu/Ar/mEr bUrdijer – They have not fallen

undekulu/aikulu bUrdija – They have not fallen

tU (tUpini) – To see

tUd + ijae >>> tUtijae – I have not seen (Kannada: nAnu nODilla)

yAn tUtijae – I have not seen

I tUtija – You have not seen

Aye/imbe tUtije – He has not seen

Al/mOlu tUtijal – She has not seen

au/undu tUtiji – It has not seen

nama/enkulu tUtija – We have not seen

Ir/nikulu tUtijar – You have not seen

akulu/mokulu/Ar/mEr tUtijer – They have not seen

undekulu/aikulu tUtija – They have not seen

bar (barpini) - To come

batt’d + ijae >>> batt’dijae >>> baidijae – I have not come (Kannada: nAnu bandilla)

yAn baidijae – I have not come

I baidija – You have not come

Aye/imbe baidije – He has not come

Al/mOlu baidijal – She has not come

au/undu baidiji – It has not come

nama/enkulu baidija – We have not come

Ir/nikulu baidijar – You have not come

akulu/mokulu/Ar/mEr baidijer – They have not come

undekulu/aikulu baidija – They have not come

leppu (leppuni) – To call

lett’d + ijae >>> lett’dijae >>> leidijae – I have not called (Kannada: nAnu karedilla)

yAn leidijae – I have not called

I leidija – You have not called

Aye/imbe leidije – He has not called

Al/mOlu leidijal – She has not called

au/undu leidiji – It has not called

nama/enkulu leidija – We have not called

Ir/nikulu leidijar – You have not called

akulu/mokulu/Ar/mEr leidijer – They have not called

undekulu/aikulu leidija – They have not called

deppu (deppuni) – To remove/open

dett’d + ijae >>> dett’dijae >>> deidijae – I have not removed/taken (Kannada: nAnu tegedilla)

yAn deidijae – I have not removed/taken

I deidija – You have not removed/taken

Aye/imbe deidije – He has not removed/taken

Al/mOlu deidijal – She has not removed/taken

au/undu deidiji – It has not removed/taken

nama/enkulu deidija – We have not removed/taken

Ir/nikulu deidijar – You have not removed/taken

akulu/mokulu/Ar/mEr deidijer – They have not removed/taken

undekulu/aikulu deidija – They have not removed/taken

dettoNu (dettoNuni) - To take for oneself/To accept

dettoND’d >>> dettond

dettond + ijae >>> dettondijae – I have not taken for myself (Kannada: nAnu tegedukoNDilla)

yAn dettondijae – I have not taken (for myself)

I dettondija – You have not taken (for myself)

Aye/imbe dettondije – He has not taken (for myself)

Al/mOlu dettondijal – She has not taken (for myself)

au/undu dettondiji – It has not taken (for myself)

nama/enkulu dettondija – We have not taken (for myself)

Ir/nikulu dettondijar – You have not taken (for myself)

akulu/mokulu/Ar/mEr dettondijer – They have not taken (for myself)

undekulu/aikulu dettondija – They have not taken (for myself)

Example sentences:

Tulu: yAn orala bombaig pOtijae

English: I have never been to Mumbai

Kannada: nAnu ommeyU mumbaige hOgilla

Tulu: Aye nanala untije

English: He has not had lunch yet

Kannada: avanu innU UTa mADilla

Tulu: Al baidijal

English: She has not come

Kannada: avaLu bandilla

Tulu: I eNDa dAla pantija

English: You have not told me anything

Kannada: nInu nanalli EnU hELilla

Tulu: au Eregla dAla upadra malt'diji

English: It has not done any trouble to anyone

Kannada: adu yArigU EnU tondare koTTillla

Tulu: nama dAla tappu malt'dija

English: We have not done anything wrong

Kannada: nAvu EnU tappu mADilla

Tulu: nikulu enan leidijar

English: You have not called me

Kannada: nIvu nannannu karedilla

Tulu: akulu nanala tulu kalt'dijer

English: They have not learned Tulu yet

Kannada: avaru innU tuLu kalitilla

Tulu: I jOkulu ini sAleg pOtija

English: These children have not gone to school today

Kannada: I makkaLu ivattu shAlege hOgilla

We already know how to make the interrogative form of sentences. We have to add  ‘a’ or ‘na’ at the end. When speaking with elders/strangers with respect, you can add ‘e’ or ‘ne’ instead of ‘a’ or ‘na’ at the end.

Tulu: I untana?/ I onas malt'dana?

English: Have you had lunch/dinner yet?

Kannada: nInu  UTa mADiddIya?

Tulu: Ir untare?/ Ir onas malt'dare? (giving respect to the listner)

English: Have you had lunch/dinner yet?

Kannada: nIvu  UTa mADiddIra?

Tulu: nanala untijana?

English: Haven't you had lunch yet?

Kannada: nInu innU UTa mADilva?

Tulu: yAn niNDa suruve pantijena?

English: Haven't I told you before?

Kannada: nAnu ninage modale hELilva?

Tulu: Aye nikk tikk'dena?

English: Has he met you?

Kannada: avanu ninage sikkiddAna?

Tulu: Aye ireg tikk'dene? (giving respect to the listner)

English: Has he met you?

Kannada: avanu nimage sikkiddAna?

Tulu: Al padya pantala?

English: Has she sung a song?

Kannada: avaLu hADu hADiddALa?

Tulu: bas nanala baidija?

English: Has bus not come yet?

Kannada: bassu innU bandilva?

Tulu: nikulu parIkshae baretara?

English: Have you (pluaral) written exam?

Kannada: nIvu parIkshae barediddIra?

Tulu: akulu suden kaDat’dera?

English: Have they crossed the river?

Kannada: avaru nadi dATiddAra?

Tulu: bAle jeid’NDa?

English: Has the kid slept.

Kannada: magu malagideya?

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That’s all for the day! If you need more sentences translated to Tulu, please leave a comment. If you find this lesson helpful, please share it with your friends who want to learn Tulu.

See you next week!

solmelu! 

Tulu Lesson 14: Present Perfect Tense

Hello everyone, welcome back!

Today we are going to learn a new tense in Tulu. This tense is Present Perfect Tense.

Look at this sentence:

I saw him

We already know how to say this in Tulu: yAn Ayen tUyae

Today, we will learn this:

I have seen him.

Do you remember how we made a verb conjuation in simple past tense? In Present Perfect Tense we follow the same rule with a bit difference.

We have to just add ‘d’ sound (‘d’ will be changed to ‘t’, if it is a Class A verb) to the verb stem of simple past tense to get the verb stem of Present Perfect Tense.

As we learned before, there are three different forms of verb conjugation in Simple Past tense.

1. Verbs ending in ‘pu’

To form verb stem of Simple Past Tense, replace ‘pu’ with ‘t’.

malpu (malpuni) – To do/make

malpu >>> malt

Simple Past verb stem + d = Present Perfect verb stem

malt + d = malt’d

Now add the personal endings to Present Perfect verb stem.

malt’d + ae = malt’dae – I have done (Kannada: mADiddEne)

kalpu (kalpuni) – To learn

kalpu >>> kalt

kalt + d + ae = kalt’dae – I have learned (Kannada: kaltiddEne)

2. Verbs ending in ‘N’

To form verb stem of Simple Past Tense, add ‘D’ sound to root verb.

kEN (kENuni) -  To hear/ask

kEN + D >>> kEND

Simple Past verb stem + d = Present Perfect verb stem

kEND + d = kEND’d

Now add the personal endings to Present Perfect verb stem.

kEND’d + ae = kEND’dae (In common Tulu, it’s pronounced ‘kEndae’) – I have heard/asked (Kannada: kELiddEne)

tiN (tiNpini) – To eat (Class A verb)

tiN + D >>> tiND

tiND + d + ae = tiND’dae (In common Tulu, it’s pronounced ‘tintae’) -  I have eaten (Kannada: tindiddEne)

3. All other verbs.

To form verb stem of Simple Past Tense, add ‘i’ sound to root verb.

bUr (bUruni – To fall)

bUr + i >>> bUri

Simple Past verb stem + d = Present Perfect verb stem

When adding ‘d’ sound, the final vowel ‘i’ is removed. So we can add ‘d’ sound to the root verb directly.

bUr(i) + d = bUrd

Now add the personal endings to Present Perfect verb stem.

bUrd + ae = bUrdae – I have fallen (Kannada: biddiddEne)

tU (tUpini) – To see (Class A verb)

Simple Past verb stem + d = Present Perfect verb stem

tU + d = tUd

Now add the personal endings to Present Perfect verb stem.

tUd + ae = tUtae (‘d’ is pronounced as ‘t’, if it is a Class A verb) – I have seen (Kannada: nODiddEne)

Personal endings in Present Perfect Tense are same as Simple Past Tense.

		Singular			Plural
		Pronoun	Ending	Example: pO	Pronoun	Ending	Example: pO
First Person		yAn	ae	pOtae	nama/enkulu	a	pOta
Second Person		I	a	pOta	nikulu/Ir	ar	pOtar
Third Person	Masc.	Aye/imbe	e	pOte	akulu/Ar/mokulu/mEr	er	pOter
	Fem.	Al/mOlu	al	pOtal
	Neut.	au/undu	ND	pOt’ND	aikulu/undekulu	a	pOta

The Present Perfect Tense may be confusing for new learners as it is pronounced differently from its original form depending on the dialects.

There are two major changes in the pronounciatiuon:

1. batt’dae >>> baidae

Look at the verb ‘bar’ (barpini – To come). The simple past verb stem of ‘bar’ is ‘batt’ and so Present Perfect verb stem is “batt’d”

batt’dae – I have come (Kannada: bandiddEne)

But in common Tulu it is pronounced as ‘baidae’

Some of the verbs which are conjugated same as ‘baidae’ in Present Perfect Tense are:

leppu (leppuni) – To call

leppu >>> lett >>> lett’d

lett’dae >>> leidae – I have called (Kannada: karediddEne)

jeppu (jeppuni) – To sleep

jeppu >>> jett >>> jett’d

jett’dae >>> jeidae – I have slept (Kannada: malagiddEne)

jappu (jappuni) – To get down/descend

jappu >>> jatt >>> jatt’d

jatt’dae >>> jaidae – I have descended (Kannada: iLididdEne)

deppu (deppuni) – To remove/open

deppu >>> dett >>> dett’d

dett’dae >>> deidae – I have removed (Kannada: tegediddEne)

sai (saipini) – To die

sai >>> sait >>> sait’d

sait’dae >>> saidae – I have died  (Kannada: sattiddEne)

2. kEND’dae >> kEndae

Look at the verb ‘kEN’ (kENunu – To hear/ask). The simple past verb stem of ‘kEN’ is ‘kEND’ and so Present Perfect verb stem is “kEND’d”

kEND’dae – I have heard/asked (Kannada: kELiddEne)

But in common Tulu it is pronounced as ‘kEndae’

All the verbs ending in ‘N’ sound, including Reflexive Verbs are conjugated same as ‘kEndae’ in Present Perfect Tense.

dettoNu (dettoNuni) - To take for oneself/To accept

dettoNu >>> dettoND >>> dettoND’d

dettoND’dae >>> dettondae – I have taken (Kannada: tegedukoNDiddEne)

paN (paNpini) – To tell/say

paN >>> paND >>> paND’d

paND’dae >>> pantae – I have told (Kannada: hELiddEne)

Here ‘d’ sound changes to ‘t’ since it is a Class A verb.

uN (uNpini) – To eat (meals/rice)

uN >>> uND >>> uND’d

uND’dae >>> untae – I have eaten (Kannada: uNDiddEne)

Alright! Now let us look at some more verbs:

tU (tUpini) – To see (Kannada: nODu)

yAn tUtae – I have seen

I tUta – You have seen

Aye/imbe tUte – He have seen

Al/mOlu tUtal – She have seen

au/undu tUt’ND – It have seen

nama/enkulu tUta – We have seen

Ir/nikulu tUtar – You have seen

akulu/mokulu/Ar/mEr tUter – They have seen

undekulu/aikulu tUta – They have seen

buDu (buDpini) – To leave (Kannada: biDu)

yAn buDtae – I have left

I buDta – You have left

Aye/imbe buDte – He has left

Al/mOlu buDtal – She has left

au/undu buDt’ND – It has left

nama/enkulu buDta – We have left

Ir/nikulu buDtar – You have left

akulu/mokulu/Ar/mEr buDter – They have left

undekulu/aikulu buDta – They have left

kEN (kENuni) To hear/listen/ask

yAn kEndae – I have asked

I kEnda – You have asked

Aye/imbe kEnde – He has asked

Al/mOlu kEndal – She has asked

au/undu kEnd’ND – It has asked

nama/enkulu kEnda – We have asked

Ir/nikulu kEndar – You have asked

akulu/mokulu/Ar/mEr kEnder – They have asked

undekulu/aikulu kEnda – They have asked

A (Apini) – To become/happen

yAn Atae – I have become

I Ata – You have become

Aye/imbe Ate – He has become

Al/mOlu Atal – She has become

au/undu At’ND – It has become /It has happened/It’s been done

nama/enkulu Ata – We have become

Ir/nikulu Atar – You have become

akulu/mokulu/Ar/mEr Ater – They have become

undekulu/aikulu Ata – They have become

bar (barpini) – To come

yAn baidae – I have come

I baida – You have come

Aye/imbe baide – He has come

Al/mOlu baidal – She has come

au/undu baid’ND – It has come

nama/enkulu baida – We have come

Ir/nikulu baidar – You have come

akulu/mokulu/Ar/mEr baider – They have come

undekulu/aikulu baida – They have come

kana (kanapini) – To bring

This verb is derived from compound verb ‘kondu bar’. So, it is conjugated as ‘bar’

yAn kanaidae – I have brought

I kanaida – You have brought

Aye/imbe kanaide – He has brought

Al/mOlu kanaidal – She has brought

au/undu kanaid’ND – It has brought

nama/enkulu kanaida – We have brought

Ir/nikulu kanaidar – You have brought

akulu/mokulu/Ar/mEr kanaider – They have brought

undekulu/aikulu kanaida – They have brought

kono (konopini) – To take away

This verb is derived from compound verb ‘kondu pO’. So, it is conjugated as ‘pO’

yAn konotae – I have taken it away

I konota – You have taken it away

Aye/imbe konote – He has taken it away

Al/mOlu konotal – She has taken it away

au/undu konot’ND – It has taken it away

nama/enkulu konota – We have taken it away

Ir/nikulu konotar – You have taken it away

akulu/mokulu/Ar/mEr konoter – They have taken it away

undekulu/aikulu konota – They have taken it away

kApu (kApuni) – To wait

yAn kAt’dae – I have waited

I kAt’da – You have waited

Aye/imbe kAt’de – He has waited

Al/mOlu kAt’dal – She has waited

au/undu kAt’d’ND – It has waited

nama/enkulu kAt’da – We have waited

Ir/nikulu kAt’dar – You have waited

akulu/mokulu/Ar/mEr kAt’der – They have waited

undekulu/aikulu kAt’da – They have waited

kalpu (kalpuni) – To learn

yAn kalt’dae – I have learned

I kalt’da – You have learned

Aye/imbe kalt’de – He has learned

Al/mOlu kalt’dal – She has learned

au/undu kalt’d’ND – It has learned

nama/enkulu kalt’da – We have learned

Ir/nikulu kalt’dar – You have learned

akulu/mokulu/Ar/mEr kalt’der – They have learned

undekulu/aikulu kalt’da – They have learned

Example sentences:

Tulu: yAn A bUkunu raDD sarti Odudae

English: I have read that book two times

Kannada: nAnu A pustakavannu eraDu sala OdiddEne

Tulu: bAlae jeid’ND

English: The kid has slept

Kannada: magu malagide

Tulu: yAn A picture mUji sarti tUtae

English: I have seen that movie three times

Kannada: nAnu A cinema mUru sala nODiddEne

Tulu: I tOra Ata

English: you have become fat

Kannada: nInu dappagAgiddIya

Tulu: akulu illaDe pOter

English: They have gone home

Kannada: avaru manege hOgiddAre

Tulu: mara buled'ND

English: The tree has been grown

Kannada: mara beLedide

Tulu: kukku parnd'd'ND

English: mango has ripened

Kannada: mAvu haNNAgide

Tulu: pU arald'ND

English: The flower has bloomed

Kannada: hUvu araLide

Tulu: binner baider

English: guests have come

Kannada: neNTaru bandiddAre

Tulu: yAn untae / yAn oNas malt'dae

English: I have had lunch

Kannada: nAnu UTa mADiddene

Tulu: yAn tulu kalt'dae

English: I have learned Tulu

Kannada: nAnu tuLu kaltiddEne

Tulu: akulu onji posa car dettonder

English: they have bought a new car

Kannada: avaru ondu hosa car takoNDiddAre

Tulu: akulu mUji puchcheda kinni kanaider

English: They have brought three kittens

Kannada: avaru mUru bekkina mari tandiddAre

Tulu: yAn maisUr'g vora pOte

English: I have been to Mysore once

Kannada: nAnu maisUrige omme hOgiddEne

Tulu: enkulu illada eduru raDD tArae naDta

English: we have planted two coconut trees in front of the house

Kannada: nAvu mane eduru eraDu tengina mara neTTiddEve

Tulu: I enan madat'da

English: you have forgotten me

Kannada: nInu nannannu maratiddIya

Tulu: yAn nikk onji e-mail kaDapuD'dae

English: I have sent an e-mail to you

Kannada: nAnu ninage ondu e-mail kaLuhisiddEne

Tulu: Aye  maronu kaDpAde

English: He has made someone cut the tree

Kannada: avanu maravannu kaDisiddAne

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If you have any questions, feel free to comment. See you next week!

solmelu!