Tuesday, 27 May 2025

Tulu lesson 48: Sandhis in Tulu

 namaskAra! Welcome back!


mAterla encha ullar?


Today let us learn Sandhis in Tulu. 


Sandhi means joining or junction. It refers to the combination of two sounds that sit next to each other.

In tulu there are 3 types of Sandhis. 

1.lōpa

2. āgama 

3. ādēśa


Please note that I am using IAST script to write Tulu words in this lesson. 


1. lōpa sandhi

lōpa sandhi or sandhi by loss occurs when the short final vowel of a word is elided due to the following word beginning with a vowel. This happens particularly often when that short final vowel is 'half-u'

E.g. 

illụ + ettụ = illettụ (ಇಲ್ಲ್ + ಎತ್ತ್ = ಇಲ್ಲೆತ್ತ್) – Reach the home (Kannada: ಮನೆ ತಲುಪು)

ālụ + ōllalụ = ālōllalụ (ಆಲ್ + ಓಲ್ಲಲ್ = ಆಲೋಲ್ಲಲ್) – Where is she? (Kannada: ಅವಳೆಲ್ಲಿದ್ದಾಳೆ)

ụndụ + eñcina = ụndeñcina (ಉ್ಂದ್ + ಎಂಚಿನ = ಉ್ಂದೆಂಚಿನ) – What is this? (Kannada: ಇದೇನು?)

ārụ + attụ = ārattụ (ಆರ್ + ಅತ್ತ್ = ಆರತ್ತ್) – Not him/her (Kannada: ಅವರಲ್ಲ)

nīrụ + ijji = nīrijji (ನೀರ್ + ಇಜ್ಜಿ = ನೀರಿಜ್ಜಿ) – No water (Kannada: ನೀರಿಲ್ಲ)

mittụ + uṇḍu = mittuṇḍu (ಮಿತ್ತ್ + ಉಂಡು = ಮಿತ್ತುಂಡು) – It is on the top (Kannada: ಮೇಲಿದೆ)

kēndụ + āṇḍụ = kēndāṇḍụ (ಕೇಂದ್ + ಆಂಡ್ = ಕೇಂದಾಂಡ್) – done with listening/asking (Kannada: ಕೇಳಿಯಾಯ್ತು)

nikkụ + attụ = nikkattụ (ನಿಕ್ಕ್ + ಅತ್ತ್ = ನಿಕ್ಕತ್ತ್) – not for you (Kannada: ನಿನಗಲ್ಲ)

jālụ + aḍipu = jālaḍipu (ಜಾಲ್ + ಅಡಿಪು = ಜಾಲಡಿಪು) – sweep the courtyard (Kannada: ಅಂಗಳ ಗುಡಿಸು)


This sandhi can also happen when the short final vowel is ‘u’ or ‘i’, mainly when these two vowels introduced for vowel harmony

undu + eñcina= undeñcina (ಉಂದು + ಎಂಚಿನ = ಉಂದೆಂಚಿನ) – what is this? (Kannada: ಇದೇನು?)

uṇḍu + ā = uṇḍā (ಉಂಡು + ಆ = ಉಂಡಾ) – is it available? (Kannada: ಇದೆಯಾ?)

portu + āṇḍụ = portāṇḍụ (ಪೊರ್ತು + ಆಂಡ್ = ಪೊರ್ತಾಂಡ್) – it is late / time is over (Kannada: ಹೊತ್ತಾಯ್ತು)

tūdu + āṇḍụ = tūdāṇḍ (ತೂದು + ಆಂಡ್ = ತೂದಾಂಡ್) - done with seeing (Kannada: ನೋಡಿಯಾಯ್ತು)

nikulu + attụ = nikulattụ (ನಿಕುಲು + ಅತ್ತ್ = ನಿಕುಲತ್ತ್) – not you people (Kannada: ನೀವಲ್ಲ)

akulu + ōllerụ = akulōller (ಅಕುಲು + ಓಲ್ಲೆರ್ = ಅಕುಲೋಲ್ಲೆರ್) – where are they? (Kannada: ಅವರೆಲ್ಲಿದ್ದಾರೆ?)

ūru + ūru = ūrūru (ಊರು + ಊರು = ಊರೂರು) – different villages and places; village to village (Kannada: ಊರೂರು)

ijji + ā = ijjā (ಇಜ್ಜಿ + ಆ = ಇಜ್ಜಾ) – Not available? (Kannada: ಇಲ್ಲವಾ?)

oñji + ā = oñjā (ಒಂಜಿ + ಆ = ಒಂಜಾ) – is it one? (Kannada: ಒಂದಾ?)

 oñji + oñji = oñjoñji (ಒಂಜಿ + ಒಂಜಿ = ಒಂಜೊಂಜಿ) – Each one, one by one (Kannada: ಒಂದೊಂದು)

 āji + āji = ājāji (ಆಜಿ + ಆಜಿ = ಆಜಾಜಿ) – Six each (Kannada: ಆರಾರು)

kicci + attụ = kiccattụ (ಕಿಚ್ಚಿ + ಅತ್ತ್ = ಕಿಚ್ಚತ್ತ್) – not Jealousy / not fire (Kannada: ಕಿಚ್ಚಲ್ಲ/ಹೊಟ್ಟೆಕಿಚ್ಚಲ್ಲ)

nañji + āṇḍụ = nañjāṇḍụ (ನಂಜಿ + ಆಂಡ್ = ನಂಜಾಂಡ್) – It became poison / (Someone) felt jealousy (Kannada: ನಂಜಾಯ್ತು / ಹೊಟ್ಟೆಕಿಚ್ಚಾಯ್ತು)

kempu + āṇḍụ = kempāṇḍụ (ಕೆಂಪು + ಆಂಡ್ = ಕೆಂಪಾಂಡ್) – It became red (Kannada: ಕೆಂಪಾಯ್ತು)

bolpu + ijji = bolpijji (ಬೊಲ್ಪು + ಇಜ್ಜಿ = ಬೊಲ್ಪಿಜ್ಜಿ) – No light (Kannada: ಬೆಳಕಿಲ್ಲ)

dombu + att = dombatt (ದೊಂಬು + ಅತ್ತ್ = ದೊಂಬತ್ತ್) – Not sunshine (Kannada: ಬಿಸಿಲಲ್ಲ)

kelavu + āsælu = kelavāsælu (ಕೆಲವು + ಆಸೆ'ಲು = ಕೆಲವಾಸೆ"ಲು) – some wishes (Kannada: ಕೆಲವಾಸೆಗಳು)

kajavu + ijji = kajavijji (ಕಜವು + ಇಜ್ಜಿ = ಕಜವಿಜ್ಜಿ) – No rubbish (Kannada: ಕಸವಿಲ್ಲ)

baḍavu + āpuṇḍu = baḍavāpuṇḍu (ಬಡವು + ಆಪುಂಡು = ಬಡವಾಪುಂಡು) – Feeling hungry (Kannada: ಹಸಿವಾಗುತ್ತದೆ)


This sandhi may also occur with a final ‘a’ vowel when this is not considered as essential part of the word and if it will not change the meaning of the word. For example, when the final ‘a’ is the vowel of the genitive case suffix, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions etc.

E.g 

ill’da + ulai = ill’dulai (ಇಲ್ಲ್'ದ + ಉಲೈ = ಇಲ್ಲ್'ದುಲೈ) – inside the house (Kannada: ಮನೆಯೊಳಗೆ)

āyena + illụ = āyenillụ (ಆಯೆನ + ಇಲ್ಲ್ = ಆಯೆನಿಲ್ಲ್) – His house (Kannada: ಅವನ ಮನೆ)

ūruda + aḍe = ūrudaḍe (ಊರುದ + ಅಡೆ = ಊರುದಡೆ) – towards the village (Kannada: ಮನೆಯ ಕಡೆಗೆ)

bāræda + iræ = bārædiræ (ಬಾರೆ'ದ + ಇರೆ' = ಬಾರೆ'ದಿರೆ') – Banana leave (Kannada: ಬಾಳೆ ಎಲೆ)

maratta + oṭṭugu = marattoṭṭugu (ಮರತ್ತ + ಒಟ್ಟುಗು = ಮರತ್ತೊಟ್ಟುಗು) – With the tree (Kannada: ಮರದೊಟ್ಟಿಗೆ)

ninna + iṣṭa = ninniṣṭa (ನಿನ್ನ + ಇಷ್ಟ = ನಿನ್ನಿಷ್ಟ) – Your wish (Kannada: ನಿನ್ನಿಷ್ಟ)

elya + oñji = elyoñji (ಎಲ್ಯ + ಒಂಜಿ - ಎಲ್ಯೊಂಜಿ) – A small one (Kannada: ಸಣ್ಣದೊಂದು)

apaga + itte = apagitte (ಅಪಗ + ಇತ್ತೆ - ಅಪಗಿತ್ತೆ) – He was there that time (Kannada: ಆವಾಗಿದ್ದನು)

kuḍa + oriye = kuḍoriye (ಕುಡ + ಒರಿಯೆ = ಕುಡೊರಿಯೆ) – another person (Kannada: ಇನ್ನೊಬ್ಬನು)

pōnaga + ēra = pōnagēra (ಪೋನಗ + ಏರಾ = ಪೋನಗೇರಾ) – while going, someone… (Kannada: ಹೋಗುವಾಗ ಯಾರೋ)

tūnaga + ittijerụ = tūnagittijerụ (ತೂನಗ + ಇತ್ತಿಜೆರ್ = ತೂನಗಿತ್ತಿಜೆರ್) – they were not there when (someone) saw (Kannada: ನೋಡುವಾಗ ಇರಲಿಲ್ಲ)


This sandhi may also occur with a final ‘æ’ sometimes if it will not change the meaning of the word. Usually it happens when the final ‘æ’ is the vowel of the infinitives

E.g. 

bētæ + oñji = bētoñji (ಬೇತೆ' + ಒಂಜಿ = ಬೇತೊಂಜಿ) – different one (Kannada: ಬೇರೆಯೊಂದು)

pōDigæ + ijji = pōDigijji (ಪೋಡಿಗೆ' + ಇಜ್ಜಿ = ಪೋಡಿಗಿಜ್ಜಿ) – No fear (Kannada: ಭಯವಿಲ್ಲ)

magtæ + ora = magtora (ಮಗ್ತೆ' + ಒರ = ಮಗ್ತೊರ) – once again (Kannada: ಮತ್ತೊಮ್ಮೆ)

Infinitives

pōyeræ + uṇḍu = pōyeruṇḍu (ಪೋಯೆರೆ' + ಉಂಡು = ಪೋಯೆರುಂಡು) – have to go (Kannada: ಹೋಗಲಿಕ್ಕೆದೆ)

bareræ + āyiji = barerāyiji (ಬರೆರೆ' + ಆಯಿಜಿ = ಬರೆರಾಯಿಜಿ) – could not come (Kannada: ಬರಲಿಕ್ಕಾಗಲಿಲ್ಲ)

lepperæ + ittæ = lepperittæ (ಲೆಪ್ಪೆರೆ' + ಇತ್ತೆ' = ಲೆಪ್ಪೆರಿತ್ತೆ') – I was about to call (Kannada: ಕರೆಯಲಿಕ್ಕಿದ್ದೆನು)

pareræ + attụ = parerattụ (ಪರೆರೆ' + ಅತ್ತ್ = ಪರೆರತ್ತ್) – not to drink (Kannada: ಕುಡಿಯಲಿಕ್ಕಲ್ಲ)


When the second word begins with ‘a’ vowel, then the final vowel ‘æ’ of the first word will be retained and the first vowel ‘a’ of the second word will be elided (except infinitives)

pōḍigæ + attụ = pōḍigættụ (ಪೋಡಿಗೆ' + ಅತ್ತ್ = ಪೋಡಿಗೆ'ತ್ತ್) – Not fear (Kannada: ಭಯವಲ್ಲ)

mallæ + attụ = mallættụ (ಮಲ್ಲೆ' + ಅತ್ತ್ = ಮಲ್ಲೆ'ತ್ತ್) – Not big / No problem (Kannada: ದೊಡ್ದದಲ್ಲ, ತೊಂದರೆಯಿಲ್ಲ)

ellæ + āvandụ = ellǣvandụ (ಎಲ್ಲೆ' + ಆವಂದ್ = ಎಲ್ಲೇ'ವಂದ್) – May not possible tomorrow (Kannada: ನಾಳೆಯಾಗದು)

eḍḍæ + attụ = eḍḍættụ (ಎಡ್ಡೆ' + ಅತ್ತ್ = ಎಡ್ಡೆ'ತ್ತ್) – not good (Kannada: ಒಳ್ಳೆದಲ್ಲ)

eḍḍæ + āṇḍụ = eḍḍǣṇḍụ (ಎಡ್ಡೆ' + ಆಂಡ್ = ಎಡ್ಡೇ'ಂಡ್) – felt good / good thing happened (Kannada: ಒಳ್ಳೆದಾಯ್ತು)

ittæ + attụ = ittættụ (ಇತ್ತೆ' + ಅತ್ತ್ = ಇತ್ತೆ'ತ್ತ್) – not now (Kannada: ಈಗಲ್ಲ)


However, in other cases Sandhi will not happen when the final vowel is ‘æ’

koḍæ + ōṇḍu = koḍæ ōṇḍu (ಕೊಡೆ' + ಓಂಡು = ಕೊಡೆ' ಓಂಡು) – where is the umbrella? (Kannada: ಕೊಡೆಯೆಲ್ಲಿದೆ?)

bēlæ + ijji = bēlæ ijji (ಬೇಲೆ' + ಇಜ್ಜಿ = ಬೇಲೆ' ಇಜ್ಜಿ) – No work / No job (Kannada: ಕೆಲಸವಿಲ್ಲ)

tāræ + uṇḍu = tāræ uṇḍu (ತಾರೆ' + ಉಂಡು = ತಾರೆ' ಉಂಡು) – coconut tree is there (Kannada: ತೆಂಗಿನ ಮರವಿದೆ)


2.   āgama sandhi 

āgama sandhi or sandhi by coming or by arrival of an additional consonant occurs when a connecting consonant is inserted between two vowels. Usually if the preceding vowel is 'i', 'e', 'ai' the connecting consonant is 'y', if the preceding vowel is 'u', 'o' the connecting consonant is 'v'.

E.g.

ini + attụ = iniyattụ (ಇನಿ + ಅತ್ತ್ = ಇನಿಯತ್ತ್) – not today (Kannada: ಇವತ್ತಲ್ಲ)

ini + ijji = iniyijji (ಇನಿ + ಇಜ್ಜಿ = ಇನಿಯಿಜ್ಜಿ) – It is not available today (Kannada: ಇವತ್ತಿಲ್ಲ)

ori + ulle = oriyulle (ಒರಿ + ಉಲ್ಲೆ = ಒರಿಯುಲ್ಲೆ) – one person is there (Kannada: ಒಬ್ಬನಿದ್ದಾನೆ)

sari + ēr = sariyēr (ಸರಿ + ಏರ್ = ಸರಿಯೇರ್) – who is correct? (Kannada: ಸರಿಯಾರು?)

mari + ōṇḍu = mariyōṇḍu (ಮರಿ + ಓಂಡು = ಮರಿಯೋಂಡು) – Where is the snake? (Kannada: ಹಾವೆಲ್ಲಿದೆ?)

āye + attụ = āyeyattụ (ಆಯೆ + ಅತ್ತ್ = ಆಯೆಯತ್ತ್) – Not him (Kannada: ಅವನಲ್ಲ)

rāme + ijje = rāmeyijje (ರಾಮೆ + ಇಜ್ಜೆ = ರಾಮೆಯಿಜ್ಜೆ) – Rama is not there (Kannada: ರಾಮನಿಲ್ಲ)

bhīme + ulle = bhīmeyulle (ಭೀಮೆ + ಉಲ್ಲೆ = ಭೀಮೆಯುಲ್ಲೆ) – Bhima is there (Kannada: ಭೀಮನಿದ್ದಾನೆ)

aḍe + ōḍe = aḍeyōḍe (ಅಡೆ + ಓಡೆ = ಅಡೆಯೋಡೆ) – To where there? (Kannada: ಅಲ್ಲೆಲ್ಲಿಗೆ?)

kai + attụ =kaiyattụ (ಕೈ + ಅತ್ತ್ = ಕೈಯತ್ತ್) – Not hand (Kannada: ಕೈಯಲ್ಲ)

kai + uṇḍu = kaiyuṇḍu (ಕೈ + ಉಂಡು = ಕೈಯುಂಡು) – Hand is there (Kannada: ಕೈಯಿದೆ)

dai + olpa = daiyolpa (ದೈ + ಒಲ್ಪ = ದೈಯೊಲ್ಪ) – where is the plant? (Kannada: ಗಿಡವೆಲ್ಲಿ?)

eru + attụ = eruvattụ (ಎರು + ಅತ್ತ್ = ಎರುವತ್ತ್) – Not buffalo (Kannada: ಕೋಣವಲ್ಲ)

guru + ijjerụ = guruvijjerụ (ಗುರು + ಇಜ್ಜೆರ್ = ಗುರುವಿಜ್ಜೆರ್) – Guru is not there (Kannada: ಗುರುವಿಲ್ಲ)

paru + uṇḍu = paruvuṇḍu (ಪರು + ಉಂಡು = ಪರುವುಂಡು) – teeth are there (Kannada: ಹಲ್ಲಿದೆ)

maḍu + ittụṇḍụ – maḍuvittụṇḍụ (ಮಡು + ಇತ್ತ್ಂಡ್ = ಮಡುವಿತ್ತ್ಂಡ್) – Had an axe (Kannada: ಕೊಡಲಿ ಇತ್ತು)

gaḍu + āṇḍụ – gaḍuvāṇḍụ (ಗಡು + ಆಂಡ್ = ಗಡುವಾಂಡ್) – Term is over (Kannada: ಅವಧಿಯಾಯ್ತು)

tulu + enca = tuluvenca (ತುಲು + ಎಂಚ = ತುಲುವೆಂಚ) – how is Tulu? (Kannada: ತುಳು ಹೇಗೆ?)

pū + ari = pūvari (ಪೂ + ಅರಿ = ಪೂವರಿ) – Flower and rice (Kannada: ಹೂವಕ್ಕಿ, ಹೂ ಮತ್ತು ಅಕ್ಕಿ)

maro + attụ = marovattụ (ಮರೊ + ಅತ್ತ್ = ಮರೊವತ್ತ್) – Not the tree (Kannada: ಮರವಲ್ಲ)

maro + ādụ = marovādụ (ಮರೊ + ಆದ್ = ಮರೊವಾದ್) – having became a tree (Kannada: ಮರವಾಗಿ)

satyo + ijji = satyovijji (ಸತ್ಯೊ + ಇಜ್ಜಿ = ಸತ್ಯೊವಿಜ್ಜಿ) – No truth (Kannada: ಸತ್ಯವಿಲ್ಲ)

artho + uṇḍu = arthovuṇḍu (ಅರ್ಥೊ + ಉಂಡು = ಅರ್ಥೊವುಂಡು) – have meaning (Kannada: ಅರ್ಥವಿದೆ)

dharmo + itti = dharmovitti (ಧರ್ಮೊ + ಇತ್ತಿ = ಧರ್ಮೊವಿತ್ತಿ) – that which has virtue/ righteousness (Kannada: ಧರ್ಮವಿದ್ದ)

sukho + ōṇḍu = sukhovōṇḍu (ಸುಖೊ + ಓಂಡು = ಸುಖೊವೋಂಡು) – where is happiness? (Kannada: ಸುಖವೆಲ್ಲಿದೆ?)

kano + ētụ = kanovētụ (ಕನೊ + ಏತ್ = ಕನೊವೇತ್) – how many dreams? (Kannada: ಕನಸೆಷ್ಟು)


3. ādēśa sandhi 

ādēśa sandhi or sandhi by substitution occurs when the second of two words that combine begins with an unvoiced plosive consonant, it will be changed to the voiced consonant. Most of the words in which this type of sandhi occurs are old compounds and we don’t see much examples for this sandhi in Tulu

E.g 

bara + kāla = baragāla (ಬರ + ಕಾಲ = ಬರಗಾಲ) – Time of famine (Kannada: ಬರ + ಕಾಲ = ಬರಗಾಲ)

aræ + kāla = arægāla (ಅರೆ' + ಕಾಲ = ಅರೆ'ಗಾಲ) – Summer / Half season (Kannada: ಬೇಸಿಗೆ ಕಾಲ)

bēsha + kāla = bēshagāla (ಬೇಶ + ಕಾಲ = ಬೇಶಗಾಲ) - Summer (Kannada: ಬೇಸಿಗೆ ಕಾಲ)

kali + kāla = kaligāla (ಕಲಿ + ಕಾಲ = ಕಲಿಗಾಲ) – The age of Kali (Kannada: ಕಲಿಗಾಲ)


This sandhi may also occur when the final vowel of the first word is ‘u’ and the following word begins with ‘p’ or ‘b’ consonant, the p or b changes to ‘v’

E.g 

iru + pattụ = iruvattụ (iruva) (ಇರು + ಪತ್ತ್ = ಇರುವತ್ತ್ (ಇರುವ)) – Twenty (Kannada: ಇಪ್ಪತ್ತು) 

 sū + batti = sūvatti (ಸೂ + ಬತ್ತಿ = ಸೂವತ್ತಿ) – Lamp and wick (Kannada: ದೀಪ ಮತ್ತು ಬತ್ತಿ) 

pudu + bārụ = puduvārụ (ಪುದು + ಬಾರ್ = ಪುದುವಾರ್) – New paddy; A feast with new rice after the harvest (Kannada: ಹೊಸಭತ್ತ) 

oru + bāro = oruvāro (ಒರು + ಬಾರೊ = ಒರುವಾರೊ) – once (Kannada: ಒಂದು ಬಾರಿ) 

iru + bāro = iruvāro (ಇರು + ಬಾರೊ = ಇರುವಾರೊ) - Twice (Kannada: ಎರಡು ಬಾರಿ) 

tiru + bailụ = tiruvailụ (ತಿರು + ಬೈಲ್ = ತಿರುವೈಲ್) – A place name (bail = A plain) (Kannada: ಒಂದು ಸ್ಥಳದ ಹೆಸರು) 

oru + balla = oruvalla (ಒರು + ಬಲ್ಲ = ಒರುವಲ್ಲ) – A measure of volume (Kannada: ಒಂದು ಬಳ್ಳ) 

kiru + bañji = kiruvañji (ಕಿರು + ಬಂಜಿ = ಕಿರುವಂಜಿ) – the lower belly (Kannada: ಕಿಬ್ಬೊಟ್ಟೆ) 

kiru + bālụ = kiruvālụ (ಕಿರು + ಬಾಲ್ = ಕಿರುವಾಲ್) – A small knife (Kannada: ಚಿಕ್ಕ ಕತ್ತಿ) 


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Saturday, 12 April 2025

Tulu Lesson 47: Vowel Harmony

 namaskAra! Welcome back!

mAterla encha ullar?


Today let us learn vowel harmony in Tulu. 


Vowel harmony is a phonological phenomenon where vowels within a word harmonize or agree in certain features, such as frontness or backness, roundedness, or height.

Though vowel harmony is not as common in Tulu language, but does exist. Tulu has some form of vowel harmony.

Before going to the vowel harmony in Tulu, let us know about one of the special vowels in Tulu which is called 'half-u'. This vowel can be seen at the beginning, middle or end of a word.  Please note that every Tulu word which seems to be ending with a consonant sound actually has 'half-u' vowel at the end. But it is not written explicitly. 

For example: 

par (ಪರ್), kEN (ಕೇಣ್), pAter (ಪಾತೆರ್), nAD (ನಾಡ್), Al (ಆಲ್), ind (ಇಂದ್)

These words have half-u vowel at the end, but it is not written. To know how to pronounce half-u vowel, please go to How to Pronounce page. To avoid any confusion, I will use the sign 'ụ' to denote half 'u' vowel in this lesson. Also, I will use IAST script to write Tulu words in this lesson. 


Okay now let us see different forms of vowel harmony in Tulu


1.  Final 'ụ' (half-u) changes to ‘u’, if it is preceded by a rounded vowel (u, o). 


This is an example for progressive vowel harmony in Tulu

E.g. indụ (ಇಂದ್) = This

This word has 3 different pronunciation depending on the dialects.


'indụ' (ಇಂದ್), 'ụndụ' (ಅ್ಂದ್ ) and 'undu' (ಉಂದು)


We can see the final vowel is ‘ụ’ in the first two words 'indụ' and 'ụndụ'. Here the preceding vowel is 'i' and 'ụ' respectively, but final vowel is changed to full ‘u’ in the word ‘undu’ because of the preceding vowel ‘u’


In the same way the word ‘uṇḍu’ (ಉಂಡು) which means 'it is' or 'it exists' has two different pronunciation depending on the dialects.


'uṇḍu' (ಉಂಡು) and 'ụṇḍụ' (ಅ್ಂಡ್)


Final vowel changes as per the preceding vowel. When the preceding vowel is full 'u', the final vowel also pronounced as full 'u'. 


Other examples where the 'half-u' changes to full 'u' because of the preceding vowel are:


buḍụ (ಬುಡ್) >>> buḍu (ಬುಡು) - Leave (Kannada: ಬಿಡು)

korụ (ಕೊರ್) >>> koru (ಕೊರು) - Give (Kannada: ಕೊಡು)

būrụ (ಬೂರ್>>> būru (ಬೂರು- Fall (Kannada: ಬೀಳು)

nūdụ (ನೂದ್>>> nūdu (ನೂದು– Hundred (Kannada: ನೂರು)

portụ (ಪೊರ್ತ್>>> portu (ಪೊರ್ತು- Time (Kannada: ಹೊತ್ತು)

ōḍụ (ಓಡ್>>> ōḍu (ಓಡು– A Tile (Kannada: ಹೆಂಚು)

tūdụ (ತೂದ್>> tūdu (ತೂದು– Having seen (Kannada: ನೋಡಿ)

pōdụ (ಪೋದ್>> pōdu (ಪೋದು– Having gone (Kannada: ಹೋಗಿ)

ūru + gụ (ಊರು + ಗ್>>> ūrugu (ಊರುಗು– To the village (Kannada: ಊರಿಗೆ)

tulu + ṭụ (ತುಲು + ಟ್>> tuluṭu (ತುಲುಟು– In Tulu (Kannada: ತುಳುವಿನಲ್ಲಿ)

eru + kụ (ಎರು + ಕ್>> erukku (ಎರುಕ್ಕು– To the buffalo (Kannada: ಕೋಣಕ್ಕೆ)

mara + ḍdụ (ಮರ + ಡ್ದ್>>> maraḍdụ (ಮರಡ್ದ್- From the tree (Kannada: ಮರದಿಂದ

Here the half-u at the end does not change as the preceding vowel is 'a', but when we pronounce the word 'mara' as 'maro', the half-u at the end changes to full 'u'

maro + ḍdụ (ಮರೊ + ಡ್ದ್) >>> maroḍdu (ಮರೊಡ್ದು) - From the tree (Kannada: ಮರದಿಂದ)


2. Final 'ụ' (half-u) changes to ‘i’ if it is preceded by a palatal consonant (c, j, y)


E.g kiccụ (ಕಿಚ್ಚ್) >>> kicci (ಕಿಚ್ಚಿ-  Fire; Envy; Jealousy (Kannada: ಕಿಚ್ಚು)

nañjụ (ನಂಜ್)>>> nañji (ನಂಜಿ– Poison; Infection; Envy; Jealousy (Kannada: ನಂಜು)

oñjụ (ಒಂಜ್>>> oñji (ಒಂಜಿ- One (Kannada: ಒಂದು)

ājụ (ಆಜ್>>> āji (ಆಜಿ– Six (Kannada: ಆರು)

sajjụ (ಸಜ್ಜ್>>> sajji (ಸಜ್ಜಿ– Repair, Setting right (Kannada: ಸಜ್ಜು)

accụ (ಅಚ್ಚ್>>> acci (ಅಚ್ಚಿ– A form, Mould (Kannada: ಅಚ್ಚು)

baccụ (ಬಚ್ಚ್>>> bacci (ಬಚ್ಚಿ) – Be tired (Kannada: ಸುಸ್ತಾಗು; ಕೃಶವಾಗು)

tuccụ (ತುಚ್ಚ್>>> tucci / tuccu (ತುಚ್ಚಿ / ತುಚ್ಚು– Bite (Kannada: ಕಚ್ಚು)

Here both the pronunciations are possible. Since 'c' is a palatal consonant it can be pronounced as 'tucci'. Since the half-u is preceded by full 'u' vowel, it can also be pronounced as 'tuccu'

occụ (ಒಚ್ಚ್>>> occi / occu (ಒಚ್ಚಿ / ಒಚ್ಚು- Wipe (Kannada: ಒರೆಸು)

nāyụ (ನಾಯ್>>> nāyi / nāy (ನಾಯಿ / ನಾಯ್– A dog (Kannada: ನಾಯಿ)

neyụ (ನೆಯ್>>> neyi / ney (ನೆಯಿ / ನೆಯ್- Ghee (Kannada: ತುಪ್ಪ)

koyụ (ಕೊಯ್>> koyi  / koy (ಕೊಯಿ / ಕೊಯ್– Reap, Cut (Kannada: ಕೊಯ್ಯು)


Since 'y' is a half vowel, these words can also be pronounced without any final vowel like 'nāy', 'ney', 'koy', however, half-u vowel can not be pronounced after 'y' consonant. Either it can be pronounced as 'nAy' or 'nAyi', 'ney' or 'neyi', 'koy' or 'koyi'.


3. Final 'ụ' (half-u) changes to ‘u’, if it is preceded by a labial consonant (p, b, m, v)


E.g. 

karụmbụ (ಕರ್ಂಬ್) >> karụmbu (ಕರ್ಂಬು- Sugarcane (Kannada: ಕಬ್ಬು

barụmbụ (ಬರ್ಂಬ್>> barụmbu (ಬರ್ಂಬು– Grab; seize more than what a hand can hold (Kannada: ಬಾಚು

kempụ (ಕೆಂಪ್>>> kempu (ಕೆಂಪು- Red (Kannada: ಕೆಂಪು

sampụ (ಸಂಪ್>>> sampu (ಸಂಪು– Coolness; Coldness (Kannada: ತಂಪು

lāmbụ (ಲಾಂಬ್>>> lāmbu (ಲಾಂಬು– A mushroom (Kannada: ಅಣಬೆ

nalipụ (ನಲಿಪ್>>> nalipu (ನಲಿಪು- Dance (Kannada: ಕುಣಿ

And all the ‘pu’ ending verbs like 'malpu', 'telipu', 'leppu' etc. have the full 'u' vowel at the end. 

gammụ (ಗಮ್ಮ್>>> gammu (ಗಮ್ಮು– Gum (Kannada: ಗಮ್ಮು

ḍrammụ (ಡ್ರಮ್ಮ್>>> ḍrammu (ಡ್ರಮ್ಮು– A drum (Kannada: ಡ್ರಮ್ಮು)

dammụ (ದಮ್ಮ್>>> dammu (ದಮ್ಮು- Hard breathing (Kannada: ದಮ್ಮು)

avụ (ಅವ್>>> avu or av (ಅವು / ಅವ್– That; It (Kannada: ಅದು)

kelavụ (ಕೆಲವ್>>> kelavu or kelav (ಕೆಲವು / ಕೆಲವ್- Some (Kannada: ಕೆಲವು)

baravụ (ಬರವ್>>> baravu or barav (ಬರವು / ಬರವ್– Education; Writing (Kannada: ಬರಹ, ವಿದ್ಯೆ)

kajavụ (ಕಜವ್>>> kajavu or kajav (ಕಜವು / ಕಜವ್- Rubbish (Kannada: ಕಸ)

paṇavụ (ಪಣವ್) >>>paṇavu or paṇav (ಪಣವು / ಪಣವ್- Money (Kannada: ಹಣ)

chīlavụ (ಚೀಲವ್>>> chīlavu or chīlav (ಚೀಲವು / ಚೀಲವ್– A bag (Kannada: ಚೀಲ)

baḍavụ (ಬಡವ್>>> baḍavu or baḍav (ಬಡವು / ಬಡವ್- Hunger (Kannada: ಹಸಿವು)


Since 'v' is a half vowel, these words can also be pronounced without any final vowel like 'av', 'kelav', 'barav', 'kajav' etc. However, half-u vowel cannot be pronounced after 'v' consonant. Either it can be pronounced as 'av' or 'avu', 'kelav' or 'kelavu', 'barav' or 'baravu', 'kajav' or 'kajavu' etc.


4. ‘e’ and ‘ē’ changes to ‘æ’ and ‘ǣ’ respectively if it is succeeded by ‘æ’ vowel. 


This is an example for regressive vowel harmony in Tulu

E.g. 

etæ (ಎತೆ') >>> ætæ (ಎ'ತೆ') – Sorrow; Affliction (Kannada: ವ್ಯಥೆ, ಚಿಂತೆ)

seræ (ಸೆರೆ'>>> særæ (ಸೆ'ರೆ') – Wave; Tide (Kannada: ಅಲೆ)

kēræ (ಕೇರೆ'>>>kǣræ (ಕೇ'ರೆ'– A rat snake (Kannada: ಕೇರೆ ಹಾವು)

ēmæ (ಏಮೆ'>>> ǣmæ (ಏ'ಮೆ'– A tortoise  (Kannada: ಆಮೆ)

bētæ (ಬೇತೆ'>>> bǣtæ (ಬೇ'ತೆ'– Different; Other (Kannada: ಬೇರೆ)


If you find this lesson helpful, please share it with your friends who wish to learn Tulu :)


Click here to go to Vocabulary page.

Click here for Video lessons

Bye!